Intergrating active and passive sensors with sleep-wake mechanism for hot in peatland preservation / Muhammad Daniel bin Haji Abdullah

A thesis submitted to Universiti Teknologi Brunei for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Computer Network and Security

Peatland ecosystems play a crucial role in global carbon storage and greenhouse gas regulation but face increasing threats from environmental degradation and fires. This research developed an Internet of Things (loT) monitoring system for peatlands located in Badas, Kuala Belait, Brunei Darussalam, integrating active sensors (water level, smoke, humidity, temperature) and passive gas sensors (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane) to continuously track environmental conditions. A Visual loT (V-loT) feature was implemented to capture real-time images when passive sensor readings exceeded predefined thresholds, allowing immediate verification of critical events on site.
Sensor data were transmitted via a 4G mobile broadband network to InfluxB and visualized through Grafana dashboards, enabling comprehensive real-time monitoring and analysis. To enhance power efficiency, the system incorporated a sleep-wake power management mechanism that successfully reduced power consumption by 63%, thereby significantly extending the operational lifespan of the monitoring devices. Testing included five months of laboratory and field trials at Universiti Teknologi Brunei (UTB) and nearly five months of deployment in the field at Badas, demonstrating the system's reliability, scalability, and effectiveness in remote peatland monitoring. Additionally, an alert system using SMS and email notifications facilitated rapid responses to environmental changes, supporting timely interventions. This study contributes to sustainable peatland management by providing comprehensive, real-time data on both environmental conditions and greenhouse gas emissions, enabling improved carbon management and conservation efforts. The deployment in Badas serves as a valuable case study showcasing the adaptability and practicality of loT-based monitoring systems in tropical peatland ecosystems. By leveraging this innovative approach, stakeholders can gain deeper insights into peatland dynamics, supporting more effective conservation strategies and contributing to climate change mitigation and environmental sustainability.

Keywords: IoT, Visual loT (V-loT), peat fire mitigation, carbon emission, greenhouse gas monitoring, visual data analytics, early detection, mitigation, real-time data visualization, sleep-wake mechanism, power efficiency, Badas, Kuala Belait

Includes bibliographical references pages 134-152